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Effects of Driving Behavior and Road Grade on Real-World Tailpipe Emissions of Regulated and Toxic Air Pollutants from Diesel Trucks and Motorcycles

為了解決Airborne Special Ser的問題，作者DHITAL, NARAYAN BABU 這樣論述：

On-road vehicles are an important emission source of regulated air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), as well as non-regulated toxic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organ

ic compounds (VOCs). Despite heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) and motorcycles being important on-road emission sources, real-world PAH emissions from HDDTs and VOC emissions from modern motorcycles have not been investigated adequately. This study employed portable emissions measurement systems (PEM

S) to study the real-world tailpipe emission behaviors of HDDTs and motorcycles with different variables related to route and engine characteristics, emission control systems, and driving behavior. The main objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of road grade and driving behavior on th

e real-world emissions of regulated pollutants and particle-bound PAHs for HDDTs, to investigate the effects of impaired emission control system on the tailpipe emissions of regulated pollutants and VOCs from motorcycles, and to investigate the effects of road grade and driving behavior on real-worl

d emissions of regulated pollutants and VOCs from motorcycles. The study was conducted on old-model HDDTs (model year 19952006, Phase 23 emission certification levels in Taiwan) and modern motorcycles (Phase 6 or Phase 7 emission certification levels in Taiwan) equipped with catalytic converters.T

he real-world gaseous emission factors (CO, THC, NOx) of HDDTs were within Taiwan’s emission standard limits for most test vehicles, while PM emission factors exceeded the limits for few test vehicles, indicating that PM emissions could be a serious issue for old-model HDDTs in Taiwan. Likewise, emi

ssion factors of the most measured pollutants were higher on the urban (UR) sub-route than on the suburban (SU) or freeway (FW) sub-routes, which leads to the important concern of urban air quality and human health because most exposures to traffic air pollutants are likely in the urban environment.

Aggressive (AG) and normal (NR) driving behaviors were quantitatively defined with relative positive acceleration. The emission factors of PM, CO2, and THC were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the AG and NR driving modes. AG driving caused an average increase in emissions of PM, CO2, NOx

, and particle-bound PAHs by 122%, 56%, 15%, and 128%, respectively, compared to the respective emissions under the NR mode. The BaPeq emission factor of PAHs in the AG mode was more than 10 times that in the NR mode. The road gradient (ranging from 9.3% to +9.0% or 5.3 to +5.1 over the test rou

te) had significant impacts on the emissions of PM, CO2, and NOx. The emission factors of PM, CO2, and NOx increased by 109%, 168%, and 160%, respectively, in the >6% (>3.4) grade bin compared to the flat and decreased by 95%, 91%, and 90%, respectively, in the equivalent negative-grade bin, implyi

ng that the decrease in emissions on negative road slopes may not compensate for the increase in emissions on the equivalent positive road slopes despite the road slope being compensated.Tampered emission control systems, which is a likely situation in old motorcycles, caused high tailpipe emissions

of regulated pollutants and VOCs from carburetor (CB) and fuel injection (FI) motorcycles. The emission of ΣVOC increased by 83.3% in the CB and 290% in FI motorcycles when the emission control systems failed to function. The OFP of VOCs increased substantially under the condition of the tampered e

mission control system in the FI engine. Moreover, real-world emission factors of the regulated pollutants for the latest model motorcycles (Phase 7 emission standard in Taiwan) were several times below the applicable regulatory emission limits except during extreme uphill driving. The emission fact

ors of Phase 7 motorcycles were orders of magnitude less than those for previous phase motorcycles, suggesting that replacing the old motorcycle fleet with the latest technology motorcycles may be a useful policy to reduce emissions from motorcycles in Taiwan. Moreover, the driving behavior effect w

as also notable on motorcycle emissions as the CO emission factor of a Euro 5 motorcycle during aggressive driving was 13.4 times that during normal driving. Similarly, the road grade effect on motorcycle emissions was substantial for CO, THC, and VOCs as depicted by the ratios of uphill emission fa

ctor to the downhill emission factor (48.9, 9.8, 12.6 for CO, THC, and VOC, respectively). The uphill emission factors were also significantly higher (p < 0.01) for all measured pollutants from the baseline emission factors (mean of urban and suburban emission factors taken as the baseline).The fin

dings of this study may help identify possible opportunities to reduce on-road emissions from HDDTs and motorcycles. As real-world PM emissions from HDDTs exceeded the regulatory limits, inspection and monitoring programs focusing on PM emissions from old-model HDDTs may help control emissions from

high emitting diesel trucks. Moreover, driving behavior significantly affected tailpipe emissions most measured pollutants from both HDDTs and motorcycles, which suggested that implementing eco-driving strategies may help reduce on-road emissions of regulated and toxic pollutants. Likewise, as road

grade was a major variable that affected real-world tailpipe emissions from HDDTs and motorcycles, vehicle emission modeling without considering road grade may not represent the real-world emissions. Finally, road grade may not only be considered as the engineering design parameter but also as an im

portant factor in the environmental impact assessments of roads.

介電液滴之泳動行為：電泳與擴散泳

為了解決Airborne Special Ser的問題，作者吳芳儀 這樣論述：

本研究以位於電解質溶液中的帶電介電液滴為主體，探討兩項重要的電動力學現象：電泳與擴散泳。液滴模型可模擬為真實物理系統的微乳液、奈米乳液、微脂體與胞外體等。而分別以外加電場與外加濃度場作為驅動力的電泳和擴散泳，從首次被提出以來，一直在各領域有著卓越且進步的發展。從民生工業的食品、化妝品到重工業的煉油、膜過濾、沉積，乃至於生技產業的製藥、生化、醫材等領域都有著舉足輕重的地位，是可以全方面應用的技術。本研究採用假性光譜法中的正交配位法來做數值處理。透過空間映射、多區聯解、擾動法、子問題法等手法，搭配系統相對應的電動力學方程組和邊界條件來求解介電液滴之泳動度。探討電解質溶液和介電液滴的各項物理參數，

包含電雙層厚度、介電液滴內外黏度比、表面帶電量、粒子大小等，對於泳動度的影響。第一部分為電泳，本研究發現一有趣的現象，在不同的電雙層厚度區間，時而出現氣泡跑得較固體硬球快的情形；時而出現固體硬球跑得較氣泡快的情形。這可以歸因於液滴額外切線電驅動力與電滲流之交互作用，致使其相應而生的內外部渦流。並且可以發現一不論介電液滴內外黏度比為多少，泳動度不隨電雙層厚度改變而改變的臨界點。第二部分為擴散泳，本研究發現擴散泳中的電泳效應和化學泳效應處於互相競爭的狀態，且兩者的數量級相當。此外，當電解質溶液陰陽離子擴散係數不相等時，可能會出現負的泳動度，在實務應用上須特別小心。本研究對介電液滴之電泳與擴散泳現象

提供了深入的分析與探討，可作為其實際應用之基礎。