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Association of air pollution and body composition in obstructive sleep apnea

為了解決We have deposited th的問題，作者NGUYEN THANH TUNG 這樣論述：

A relationship between exposure to ambient air pollution and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity was reported in epidemiological studies. Exposure to air pollution may result in increased oxidative stress, inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, and permeability in the upper airway, which c

ould all predispose to OSA. However, there is paucity of data on the biological mechanism of this hyperpermeability. Furthermore, the overnight changes in body composition after exposure to air pollution and how they affected the severity of OSA is still unclear.To investigate the associations of bo

dy composition changes with OSA, pre- and post-sleep body composition of 1584 patients with OSA were collected. We observed that increases in limb fat deposition and visceral fat level were associated with increased OSA severity. Each increase in total fat deposition and segmental fat deposition was

associated with increased odds ratio of positional OSA. In patients with positional OSA, an increase in the fat distribution of the limbs was associated with increases in the total arousal index, especially in the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage.To examine the association of air pollutant expos

ure with nocturnal body composition changes and OSA, we measured pre- and post-sleep body composition of 197 subjects from a sleep center and their individual air pollution exposure (particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitric dioxide (NO2)). We o

bserved that exposure to air pollutants was associated with total muscle mass and leg fat percentage changes. We found an association between PM deposition in lung regions, especially in the alveolar region, and body fat accumulation in OSA. The leg fat deposition and total muscle mass changes was f

ound to be associated with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). These findings implied that air pollution was associated with increases in the leg fat percentage and total muscle mass changes, thus aggravating OSA severity.We then collected road dust PM2.5 from 20 cities in China and treated to human pha

ryngeal epithelial (FaDu) cells. We observed that road dust PM2.5 exposure led to declines in cell viability and increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin (IL)-6. PM2.5, especially the inorganic elemental components, led to decreases in E-cadherin and occludin and increases in EGFR an

d phosphorylated (p)-EGFR on FaDu cells, later confirmed by the knockdown of E-cadherin. The findings indicate that PM2.5 may induce the inflammation, disrupt the epithelial barrier integrity, and increase the permeability in human upper airway through the regulation of occludin, E-cadherin, EGFR, a

nd p-EGFR.Together, the air pollution-induced hyperpermeability could increase overnight fluid shift and body composition changes, thus aggravating OSA. Air pollution, particularly the PM2.5, had the potential to increase the severity of OSA through body composition changes and upper airway hyperper

meability. Our study shed light on the etiology of OSA and positional OSA. Decreasing the total fat mass and fat percentage may reduce OSA severity. Finally, measures to decrease air pollution in urban areas could be beneficial for OSA patients.

利用下轉移放光及電漿子助長放光調變以提升砷化鎵基太陽能電池特性

為了解決We have deposited th的問題，作者柯博薰 這樣論述：

本論文利用奈米金屬粒電漿子及銪摻雜螢光粉之下轉移放光效應來提升砷化鎵單接面及三接面基太陽能電池之轉換效率。因三接面電池由三個不同能隙之子電池串聯而成，由上層電池InGaP 能隙為1.89 eV，中層電池GaAs 能隙為1.42 eV，底層電池Ge能隙為0.69 eV組成，造成三個子電池有電流不匹配的問題。本論文分別先探討：(1)銦奈米粒子表面電漿效應及銪摻雜螢光下轉移效應對砷化鎵電池特性的提升機制；(2)以二氧化矽(SiO2)薄膜厚度控制金屬粒子與螢光粉粒子之間的距離，探討電漿子助長螢光放光對電池特性提升的機制；(3)藉由調變銪摻雜矽酸鹽螢光粉混合二氧化矽溶液層厚度並結合銦奈米粒子電漿以助長

螢光放光產生的物理機制。接著利用場發射掃描電子顯微鏡影像分析(SEM)、光致發光螢光光譜(PL)、反射率、穿透率、外部量子效率(EQE)、Photo J-V 等驗證這些提升的機制，進而使電池提升光電轉換效率。 本論文的實驗設計分為兩部分，第一部分為砷化鎵單接面電池: (i)利用三種不同波長的銪摻雜矽酸鹽螢光粉混合二氧化矽溶液，並旋塗於具有最佳化二氧化鈦抗反射層(TiO2 ARC)砷化鎵太陽能電池。(ii)先沉積銦奈米金屬粒子於最佳二氧化鈦抗反射層，再結合三種銪摻雜矽酸鹽螢光粉混合二氧化矽溶液，探討銦奈米粒子助長螢光放光對於砷化鎵太陽能電池光電轉換效率特性提升，根據研究結果顯示，銦粒子粒徑

尺寸為4 nm 結合512 nm螢光粉混合二氧化矽溶液厚度為10 nm 對於單接面砷化鎵太陽能電池光電轉換特性較佳，光電轉換效率提升可達到19.46% (效率從19.01%上升到22.71%)。第二部分為三接面砷化鎵電池:(i)使用三種放光波段分別為512、550、610 nm之螢光粉混合三種二氧化矽溶液之厚度，並旋塗於最佳化最佳二氧化鈦抗反射層三接面砷化鎵太陽能電池，探討三種波段螢光粉對於三接面砷化鎵太陽能電池光電流特性提升。(ii)沉積銦奈米銦薄膜並退火形成奈米粒子, 然後旋塗三種放光波段螢光粉混合三種二氧化矽溶液，形成一光譜轉換層，探討三種螢光粉之二氧化矽厚度與銦粒子之間的空間層產生的金

屬粒子助長螢光放光效應及螢光淬滅效應，利用此方法調整三接面砷化鎵電池之頂層子電池(GaInP) 及中層子電池(GaAs)產生的電流不匹配，進而改善三接面砷化鎵太陽能電池光電流轉換效率提升，從實驗結果分析，使用放光波長為550 nm螢光粉之三接面砷化鎵電池的短路電流密度(Jsc)提升量達29.04% (從10.64 mA/cm2提升至13.73 mA/cm2)，光電轉換效率提升量達30.66% (從22.05%提升至28.81%)。