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Introduction to Emerging Fields in Materials Sustainability

為了解決廢棄物管理的問題，作者Ramakrishna, Seeram,Tamil Selvan, Ramadoss,Pathak, Pankaj 這樣論述：

以微波萃取愛玉殼果膠探討其理化特性與抗氧化活性

為了解決廢棄物管理的問題，作者盧詩婷 這樣論述：

愛玉為台灣的特有種植物富含果膠及抗氧化成分，屬高經濟價值之作物。經統計愛玉全台產量將近 555 公噸，然而愛玉加工副產物－愛玉殼大多數並沒有被有效利用。因此本研究將以不同微波萃取條件 (微波功率 300 - 800 W、萃取時間 3 - 4 分鐘與 0 - 200 mM檸檬酸濃度萃取溶液) 萃取愛玉殼果膠，並探討其產率、半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度、分子量、官能基特性與抗氧化活性。結果發現產率會隨著檸檬酸濃度與微波功率之增加而上升，並在 200 mM 檸檬酸與微波功率 800 W與萃取時間 4分鐘條件下有最高果膠產率 (21.6 ± 0.1% ) 。半乳糖醛酸含量會隨著檸檬酸濃度增加反而隨之下降。

酯化度也會隨檸檬酸濃度增加而下降，所有萃取條件下果膠之酯化度皆大於 50% 屬於高甲氧基果膠。此外在抗氧化能力方面發現愛玉殼果膠DPPH自由基清除率的IC50為175.1 μg/mL，還原力則隨著果膠濃度增加，果膠之還原力有增加的趨勢。綜合以上研究結果發現愛玉殼果膠具有開發功能性保健食品之潛力。關鍵字：果膠、愛玉殼、微波輔助萃取、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、傅立葉轉換紅外線、2,2 - 二苯基 - 1 - 三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、還原力

The Politics of Trash: How Governments Used Corruption to Clean Cities, 1890-1929

為了解決廢棄物管理的問題，作者Strach, Patricia,Sullivan, Kathleen S. 這樣論述：

The Politics of Trash explains how municipal trash collection solved odorous urban problems using nongovernmental and often unseemly means. Focusing on the persistent problems of filth and the frustration of generations of reformers unable to clean their cities, Patricia Strach and Kathleen S. Su

llivan tell a story of dirty politics and administrative innovation that made rapidly expanding American cities livable. The solutions that professionals recommended to rid cities of overflowing waste cans, litter-filled privies, and animal carcasses were largely ignored by city governments. When th

e efforts of sanitarians, engineers, and reformers failed, public officials turned to the habits and tools of corruption as well as to gender and racial hierarchies.Corruption often provided the political will for public officials to establish garbage collection programs. Effective waste collection

involves translating municipal imperatives into new habits and arrangements in homes and other private spaces. To change domestic habits, officials relied on gender hierarchy to make the women of the white, middle-class households in charge of sanitation. When public and private trash cans overflowe

d, racial and ethnic prejudices were harnessed to single out scavengers, garbage collectors, and neighborhoods by race. These early informal efforts were slowly incorporated into formal administrative processes that created the public-private sanitation systems that prevail in most American cities t

oday. The Politics of Trash locates these hidden resources of governments to challenge presumptions about the formal mechanisms of governing and recovers the presence of residents at the margins, whose experiences can be as overlooked as garbage collection itself. This consideration of municipal gar

bage collection reveals how political development often relies on undemocratic means with long-term implications for further inequality. Focusing on the resources that cleaned American cities also shows the tenuous connection between political development and modernization.