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深入解析Windows操作系統（卷I）（英文版·第7版）

為了解決New Balance 327的問題，作者（以）帕維爾·尤西夫維奇 這樣論述：

從Windows 8開始，微軟開始了一個將作業系統融合的過程。而在Windows 10中，這個融合已經趨於完美，它運行在臺式電腦/筆記型電腦、伺服器、XBOX One、手機（Windows Mobile 10）、HoloLens和各種物聯網設備上。 本書作為深度解析Windows作業系統這一系列的第7版（部分即卷1），其內容則涵蓋了Windows從Windows 8到Windows 10演變過程中的各個方面。 本書介紹了Windows 10和Windows Sever 2016的架構與核心內部結構。通過本書，讀者可以瞭解Windows系統架構及其一般元件，掌握如何使用諸如內核調試器之類的工

具來探索內部資料結構，也可以瞭解Windows如何使用流程進行管理和隔離，理解和查看執行緒調度以及如何管理CPU資源，還可以深入理解Windows安全模型，包括在安全措施方面的很新進展，並瞭解Windows如何管理虛擬和實體記憶體，以及輸入/輸出系統如何管理物理設備和設備驅動程式。具體分為以下7個部分：概念和工具、系統架構、進程和作業、執行緒、記憶體管理、I/O系統和安全。 本書內容豐富、資訊全面，適合廣大Windows平臺開發人員、系統管理員及Windows愛好者閱讀。 帕維爾·尤西夫維奇（Pavel Yosifovich）是一位專注於Microsoft技術和工具的開發

人員、培訓師和作者。他是Microsoft的MVP和Pluralsight的作者。 亞曆克斯·約內斯庫（Alex Ionescu）是CrowdStrike公司EDR戰略副總裁，同時也是靠前認可的低級別系統軟體、作業系統研究和內核開發、安全培訓和逆向工程方面的專家。 馬克·拉希諾維奇（Mark Russinovich）是微軟優選企業級雲平臺Azure的首席技術官，也是分散式系統和作業系統領域認可的專家。他是Winternal軟體公司的聯合創始人，也是Sysinternals工具和網站的主要作者。 大衛·所羅門（David Solomon）給世界各地的開發者和IT專業人士教授Windows內核

的內部原理已有20年。他參與了本書每個版本的寫作。大衛是1993年和2005年Microsoft Support Most Valuable Professional（MVP）獎的獲得者。 Introduction/引言i 1 Concepts and tools/章 概念和工具1 1.1 Windows operating system versions/Windows作業系統版本1 1.1.1 Windows 10 and future Windows versions/ Windows 10和後續Windows版本3 1.1.2 Windows 10 and OneC

ore/Windows 10和Windows系統核心3 1.2 Foundation concepts and terms/基本概念和術語4 1.2.1 Windows API/Windows API4 1.2.2 Services, functions, and routines/服務、功能和例行程式7 1.2.3 Processes/進程8 1.2.4 Threads/執行緒18 1.2.5 Jobs/作業20 1.2.6 Virtual memory/虛擬記憶體21 1.2.7 Kernel mode vs. user mode/核心模式vs使用者模式23 1.2.8 Hyperviso

r/虛擬機器管理程式27 1.2.9 Firmware/固件版本29 1.3.0 Terminal Services and multiple sessions/終端服務和多會話29 1.3.1 Objects and handles/物件和處理30 1.3.2 Security/安全31 1.3.3 Registry/註冊表32 1.3.4 Unicode/Unicode編碼33 1.3 Digging into Windows internals/深入挖掘Windows內部35 1.3.1 Performance Monitor and Resource Monitor/ 性能監控和資源監

控36 1.3.2 Kernel debugging/內核調試38 1.3.3 Windows Software Development Kit/Windows SDK43 1.3.4 Windows Driver Kit/Windows驅動套件43 1.3.5 Sysinternals tools/五大利器44 1.4 結論44 2 System architecture/第 2章 系統架構45 2.1 Requirements and design goals/需求和設計目標45 2.2 Operating system model/作業系統模型46 2.3 Architecture ov

erview/架構概述47 2.3.1 Portability/可攜性50 2.3.2 Symmetric multiprocessing/對稱多處理51 2.3.3 Scalability/可擴展性53 2.3.4 Differences between client and server versions/ 用戶端和服務端版本的差異54 2.3.5 Checked build/已驗證版本57 2.4 Virtualization-based security architecture overview/ 基於虛擬化技術的安全架構概述59 2.5 Key system components/

核心系統元件61 2.5.1 Environment subsystems and subsystem DLLs/ 環境子系統和子系統DLL62 2.5.2 Other subsystems/其他子系統68 2.5.3 Executive/執行性72 2.5.4 Kernel/內核75 2.5.5 Hardware abstraction layer/硬體抽象層79 2.5.6 Device drivers/設備驅動82 2.5.7 System processes/系統進程88 2.6 Conclusion/結論99 3 Processes and jobs/第3章 進程和作業101 3.1

Creating a process/創建一個進程101 3.1.1 CreateProcess* functions arguments/CreateProcess*函數參數102 3.1.2 Creating Windows modern processes/創建Windows進程103 3.1.3 Creating other kinds of processes/創建其他類型執行緒104 3.2 Process internals/進程核心105 3.3 Protected processes/受保護的進程113 3.3.1 Protected Process Light (PPL)

/PPL115 3.3.2 Third-party PPL support/協力廠商PPL支持119 3.4 Minimal and Pico processes/最小進程和微進程120 3.4.1 Minimal processes/最小進程120 3.4.2 Pico processes/微進程121 3.5 Trustlets (secure processes)/Trustlets（安全進程）123 3.5.1 Trustlet structure/Trustlet結構123 3.5.2 Trustlet policy metadata/Trustlet策略中繼資料124 3.5.3

Trustlet attributes/Trustlet屬性125 3.5.4 System built-in Trustlets/系統內置Trustlets125 3.5.5 Trustlet identity/Trustlet標識126 3.5.6 Isolated user-mode services/隔離的使用者模式服務127 3.5.7 Trustlet-accessible system calls/Trustlet可訪問的系統調用128 3.6 Flow of CreateProcess/創建進程流程129 3.6.1 Stage 1: Converting and valida

ting parameters andflags/ 階段1：轉換並驗證參數和標記131 3.6.2 Stage 2: Opening the image to be executed/ 階段2：打開要執行的鏡像135 3.6.3 Stage 3: Creating the Windows executive process object/ 階段3：創建Windows可執行進程物件138 3.6.4 Stage 4: Creating the initial thread and its stack and context/ 階段4：創建初始執行緒以及它的堆疊和上下文144 3.6.5 Stag

e 5: Performing Windows subsystem–specific initialization/ 階段5：執行Windows子系統的特殊初始化146 3.6.6 Stage 6: Starting execution of the initial thread/ 階段6：開始執行初始執行緒148 3.6.7 Stage 7: Performing process initialization in the context of the new process/ 階段7：在新進程中的上下文執行進程初始化148 3.7 Terminating a process/終止一個進程1

54 3.8 Image loader/鏡像載入器155 3.8.1 Early process initialization/早期進程初始化157 3.8.2 DLL name resolution and redirection/DLL名稱解析和重定向160 3.8.3 Loaded module database/已載入元件的資料庫164 3.8.4 Import parsing/導入解析168 3.8.5 Post-import process initialization/後導入進程初始化170 3.8.6 SwitchBack/SwitchBack171 3.8.7 API Set

s/API集173 3.9 Jobs/作業176 3.9.1 Job limits/作業限制177 3.9.2 Working with a job/處理一個作業178 3.9.3 Nested jobs/嵌套作業179 3.9.4 Windows containers (server silos)/ Windows容器（伺服器倉庫）183 3.10 Conclusion/結論191 4 Threads/第4章 執行緒193 4.1 Creating threads/創建執行緒193 4.2 Thread internals/執行緒內部194 4.2.1 Data structures/資料結

構194 4.2.2 Birth of a thread/執行緒的產生206 4.3 Examining thread activity/檢查執行緒活性207 4.3.1 Limitations on protected process threads/ 受保護進程中執行緒的限制212 4.4 Thread scheduling/執行緒調度214 4.4.1 Overview of Windows scheduling/Windows調度概述214 4.4.2 Priority levels/優先順序等級215 4.4.3 Thread states/執行緒狀態223 4.4.4 Dispat

cher database/調度資料庫228 4.4.5 Quantum/量子231 4.4.6 Priority boosts/提高優先順序238 4.4.7 Context switching/上下文切換255 4.4.8 Scheduling scenarios/調度場景256 4.4.9 Idle threads/空閒執行緒260 4.4.10 Thread suspension/執行緒掛起264 4.4.11 (Deep) freeze/（深度）凍結264 4.4.12 Thread selection/執行緒選擇266 4.4.13 Multiprocessor systems/多

處理器系統268 4.4.14 Thread selection on multiprocessor systems/ 多處理器系統的執行緒選擇283 4.4.15 Processor selection/處理器選擇284 4.4.16 Heterogeneous scheduling (big.LITTLE)/ 多重調度（big.LITTLE）286 4.5 Group-based scheduling/基於組的調度287 4.5.1 Dynamic fair share scheduling/動態公平共用調度289 4.5.2 CPU rate limits/CPU速率限制292 4.5.

3 Dynamic processor addition and replacement/ 動態處理器添加和替換295 4.6 Worker factories (thread pools)/工人工廠（執行緒池）297 4.6.1 Worker factory creation/創建工人工廠298 4.7 Conclusion/結論300 5 Memory management/第5章 記憶體管理301 5.1 Introduction to the memory manager/記憶體管理介紹301 5.1.1 Memory manager components/記憶體管理元件302 5.1

.2 Large and small pages/大小頁面303 5.1.3 Examining memory usage/檢查記憶體使用305 5.1.4 Internal synchronization/內部同步308 5.2 Services provided by the memory manager/記憶體管理提供的服務309 5.2.1 Page states and memory allocations/頁面狀態和記憶體分配310 5.2.2 Commit charge and commit limit/提交調度和提交限制313 5.2.3 Locking memory/鎖定記憶

體314 5.2.4 Allocation granularity/分配細微性314 5.2.5 Shared memory and mapped files/共用記憶體和映射檔315 5.2.6 Protecting memory/記憶體保護317 5.2.7 Data Execution Prevention/資料執行保護319 5.2.8 Copy-on-write/寫時複製321 5.2.9 Address Windowing Extensions/位元址窗口化擴展232 5.3 Kernel-mode heaps (system memory pools)/核心模式堆（系統記憶體池）

324 5.3.1 Pool sizes/池大小325 5.3.2 Monitoring pool usage/監控池的使用327 5.3.3 Look-aside lists/旁觀列表331 5.4 Heap manager/堆管理332 5.4.1 Process heaps/堆進程333 5.4.2 Heap types/堆類型334 5.4.3 The NT heap/NT堆334 5.4.4 Heap synchronization/堆同步334 5.4.5 The low-fragmentation heap/低碎片堆335 5.4.6 The segment heap/分段堆33

6 5.4.7 Heap security features/堆安全功能341 5.4.8 Heap debugging features/堆調試功能342 5.4.9 Pageheap/頁面堆343 5.4.10 Fault-tolerant heap/容錯堆347 5.5 Virtual address space layouts/虛擬位址空間佈局348 5.5.1 x86 address space layouts/X86位址空間佈局349 5.5.2 x86 system address space layout/X86系統位址空間佈局352 5.5.3 x86 session spa

ce/X86會話空間353 5.5.4 System page table entries/系統頁面表條目355 5.5.5 ARM address space layout/ARM位址空間佈局356 5.5.6 64-bit address space layout/64bit位址空間佈局357 5.5.7 x64 virtual addressing limitations/64虛擬位址限制359 5.5.8 Dynamic system virtual address space management/ 動態系統虛擬位址空間管理359 5.5.9 System virtual addre

ss space quotas/系統虛擬位址空間配額364 5.5.10 User address space layout/用戶位址空間佈局365 5.6 Address translation/地址轉化371 5.6.1 x86 virtual address translation/X86虛擬位址轉化371 5.6.2 Translation look-aside buffer/旁觀緩衝轉化377 5.6.3 x64 virtual address translation/X64虛擬位址轉化380 5.6.4 ARM virtual address translation/ARM虛擬位址

轉化381 5.7 Page fault handling/分頁錯誤處理383 5.7.1 Invalid PTEs/非法PTE384 5.7.2 Prototype PTEs/原型PTE385 5.7.3 In-paging I/O/頁面內I/O386 5.7.4 Collided page faults/分頁錯誤衝突387 5.7.5 Clustered page faults/分頁錯誤聚集387 5.7.6 Page files/分頁檔389 5.7.7 Commit charge and the system commit limit/ 提交調度和系統提交限制394 5.7.8 Com

mit charge and page file size/提交調度和分頁檔大小397 5.8 Stacks/棧398 5.8.1 User stacks/用戶棧399 5.8.2 Kernel stacks/內核棧400 5.8.3 DPC stack/DPC棧401 5.9 Virtual address descriptors/虛擬位址描述符401 5.9.1 Process VADs/VAD進程402 5.9.2 Rotate VADs/VAD輪詢403 5.10 NUMA/NUMA404 5.11 Section objects/段對象405 5.12 Working sets/工作

集412 5.12.1 Demand paging/分頁需求413 5.12.2 Logical prefetcher and ReadyBoot/邏輯預取和啟動準備413 5.12.3 Placement policy/安置策略416 5.12.4 Working set management/工作集管理417 5.12.5 Balance set manager and swapper/平衡集合管理器和置換器421 5.12.6 System working sets/系統工作集422 5.12.7 Memory notification events/記憶體提醒事件423 5.13 Pa

ge frame number database/頁面框架序號資料庫425 5.13.1 Page list dynamics/頁面動態清單428 5.13.2 Page priority/頁面優先順序436 5.13.3 Modified page writer and mapped page writer/ 修改和映射頁面寫入438 5.13.4 PFN data structures/PFN資料結構440 5.13.5 Page file reservation/分頁檔預定443 5.14 Physical memory limits/實體記憶體限制446 5.14.1 Windows

client memory limits/Windows用戶端記憶體限制447 5.15 Memory compression/記憶體壓縮449 5.15.1 Compression illustration/壓縮圖表450 5.15.2 Compression architecture/壓縮架構453 5.16 Memory partitions/記憶體分割456 5.17 Memory combining/記憶體聯合459 5.17.1 The search phase/尋找階段460 5.17.2 The classifi cation phase/分類階段461 5.17.3 The

page combining phase/頁面聯合階段462 5.17.4 From private to shared PTE/從私有PTE到共用PTE462 5.17.5 Combined pages release/聯合頁面釋放464 5.18 Memory enclaves/記憶體區467 5.18.1 Programmatic interface/程式設計介面468 5.18.2 Memory enclave initializations/記憶體區初始化469 5.18.3 Enclave construction/區結構469 5.18.4 Loading data into a

n enclave/將數據載入到區471 5.18.5 Initializing an enclave/初始化一個區472 5.19 Proactive memory management (SuperFetch)/ 主動記憶體管理（SuperFetch）472 5.19.1 Components/組件473 5.19.2 Tracing and logging/跟蹤和記錄474 5.19.3 Scenarios/場景475 5.19.4 Page priority and rebalancing/頁面優先順序和平衡調整476 5.19.5 Robust performance/魯棒性能478

5.19.6 ReadyBoost/啟動準備479 5.19.7 ReadyDrive/驅動準備480 5.19.8 Process refl ection/進程反射480 5.20 Conclusion/結論482 6 I/O system/第6章 I/O系統483 6.1 I/O system components/I/O系統元件483 6.1.1 The I/O manager/I/O管理器485 6.1.2 Typical I/O processing/典型I/O過程486 6.2 Interrupt Request Levels and Deferred Procedure Cal

ls/ 插斷要求級別和延遲過程喚醒488 6.2.1 Interrupt Request Levels/插斷要求級別488 6.2.2 Deferred Procedure Calls/延遲過程喚醒490 6.3 Device drivers/設備驅動492 6.3.1 Types of device drivers/設備驅動類型492 6.3.2 Structure of a driver/驅動結構498 6.3.3 Driver objects and device objects/驅動物件和設備物件500 6.3.4 Opening devices/設備打開507 6.4 I/O pro

cessing/I/O過程510 6.4.1 Types of I/O/I/O的種類511 6.4.2 I/O request packets/I/O請求包513 6.4.3 I/O request to a single-layered hardware-based driver/ 基於單層硬體驅動的I/O請求525 6.4.4 I/O requests to layered drivers/分層驅動I/O請求533 6.4.5 Thread-agnostic I/O/未知執行緒I/O536 6.4.6 I/O cancellation/取消I/O537 6.4.7 I/O completi

on ports/I/O完成埠541 6.4.8 I/O prioritization/I/O優先順序546 6.4.9 Container notifications/容器提醒552 6.5 Driver Verifier/驅動驗證552 6.5.1 I/O-related verification options/I/O相關驗證選項554 6.5.2 Memory-related verification options/記憶體相關驗證選項555 6.6 The Plug and Play manager/隨插即用管理器559 6.6.1 Level of Plug and Play su

pport/隨插即用支持級別560 6.6.2 Device enumeration/設備枚舉561 6.6.3 Device stacks/設備棧563 6.6.4 Driver support for Plug and Play/支援隨插即用的設備569 6.65 Plug-and-play driver installation/隨插即用驅動安裝571 6.7 General driver loading and installation/一般驅動的載入和安裝575 6.7.1 Driver loading/驅動載入575 6.7.2 Driver installation/驅動安裝57

7 6.8 The Windows Driver Foundation/Windows驅動基礎578 6.8.1 Kernel-Mode Driver Framework/核心模式驅動框架579 6.8.2 User-Mode Driver Framework/使用者模式驅動框架587 6.9 The power manager/電源管理590 6.9.1 Connected Standby and Modern Standby/連接待機和新版待機594 6.9.2 Power manager operation/電源管理操作595 6.9.3 Driver power operation/驅

動電源操作596 6.9.4 Driver and application control of device power/ 驅動和設備電源的應用程式控制599 6.9.5 Power management framework/電源管理框架600 6.9.6 Power availability requests/電源可用性請求602 6.10 Conclusion/結論603 7 Security/第7章 安全605 7.1 Security ratings/安全評級605 7.1.1 Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria/ 可信計算基系統評

估標準605 7.1.2 The Common Criteria/普遍標準607 7.2 Security system components/安全系統元件608 7.3 Virtualization-based security/基於虛擬化的安全611 7.3.1 Credential Guard/證書防護612 7.3.2 Device Guard/設備防護617 7.4 Protecting objects/保護對象619 7.4.1 Access checks/訪問驗證621 7.4.2 Security identifiers/安全標識625 7.4.3 Virtual servic

e accounts/虛擬服務帳戶646 7.4.4 Security descriptors and access control/安全性描述元和存取控制650 7.4.5 Dynamic Access Control/動態存取控制666 7.5 The AuthZ API/AuthZ API666 7.5.1 Conditional ACEs/條件回應ACE667 7.6 Account rights and privileges/帳戶許可權和特權668 7.6.1 Account rights/帳戶許可權669 7.6.2 Privileges/特權670 7.6.3 Super pri

vileges/超級特權675 7.7 Access tokens of processes and threads/進程和執行緒的帳戶口令677 7.8 Security auditing/安全審計677 7.8.1 Object access auditing/對象訪問審計679 7.8.2 Global audit policy/全域審計策略682 7.8.3 Advanced Audit Policy settings/不錯審計策略設置683 7.9 AppContainers/應用容器684 7.9.1 Overview of UWP apps/UWP應用概述685 7.9.2 Th

e AppContainer/應用容器687 7.10 Logon/登錄710 7.10.1 Winlogon initialization/Winlogon初始化711 7.10.2 User logon steps/使用者登錄步驟713 7.10.3 Assured authentication/確信的認證718 7.10.4 Windows Biometric Framework/Windows生物識別驗證719 7.10.5 Windows Hello/Windows你好721 7.11 User Account Control and virtualization/用戶帳戶控制和虛擬

化722 7.11.1 File system and registry virtualization/ 檔案系統和註冊表虛擬化722 7.11.2 Elevation/提升729 7.12 Exploit mitigations/攻擊緩解735 7.12.1 Process-mitigation policies/進程緩解策略735 7.12.2 Control Flow Integrity/控制流完整性740 7.12.3 Security assertions/安全斷言752 7.13 Application Identifi cation/應用程式標識756 7.14 AppLocke

r/應用鎖757 7.15 Software Restriction Policies/軟體限制策略762 7.16 Kernel Patch Protection/內核補丁保護764 7.17 PatchGuard/補丁防護765 7.18 HyperGuard/高度防護768 7.19 Conclusion/結論770 Index/索引771

New Balance 327進入發燒排行的影片

以微波萃取愛玉殼果膠探討其理化特性與抗氧化活性

為了解決New Balance 327的問題，作者盧詩婷 這樣論述：

愛玉為台灣的特有種植物富含果膠及抗氧化成分，屬高經濟價值之作物。經統計愛玉全台產量將近 555 公噸，然而愛玉加工副產物－愛玉殼大多數並沒有被有效利用。因此本研究將以不同微波萃取條件 (微波功率 300 - 800 W、萃取時間 3 - 4 分鐘與 0 - 200 mM檸檬酸濃度萃取溶液) 萃取愛玉殼果膠，並探討其產率、半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度、分子量、官能基特性與抗氧化活性。結果發現產率會隨著檸檬酸濃度與微波功率之增加而上升，並在 200 mM 檸檬酸與微波功率 800 W與萃取時間 4分鐘條件下有最高果膠產率 (21.6 ± 0.1% ) 。半乳糖醛酸含量會隨著檸檬酸濃度增加反而隨之下降。

酯化度也會隨檸檬酸濃度增加而下降，所有萃取條件下果膠之酯化度皆大於 50% 屬於高甲氧基果膠。此外在抗氧化能力方面發現愛玉殼果膠DPPH自由基清除率的IC50為175.1 μg/mL，還原力則隨著果膠濃度增加，果膠之還原力有增加的趨勢。綜合以上研究結果發現愛玉殼果膠具有開發功能性保健食品之潛力。關鍵字：果膠、愛玉殼、微波輔助萃取、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、傅立葉轉換紅外線、2,2 - 二苯基 - 1 - 三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、還原力

The Necessity of Choice: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought

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為了解決New Balance 327的問題，作者Hartz, Louis/ Roazen, Paul (EDT)/ Barber, Benjamin R. (FRW) 這樣論述：

Louis Hartz is best known for his classic study, The Liberal Tradition in America. At Harvard University, his lecture course on nineteenth-century politics and ideologies was memorable. Through the editorial hand of Paul Roazen, we can now share the experience of Hartz's considerable contributions t

o the theory of politics. At the root of Hartz's work is the belief that revolution is not produced by misery, but by pressure of a new system on an old one. This approach enables him to explain sharp differences in revolutionary traditions. Because America essentially was a liberal society from its

beginning and had no need for revolutions, America also lacked reactionaries, and lacked a tradition of genuine conservatism characteristic of European thought. In lectures embracing Rousseau, Burke, Comte, Hegel, Mill, and Marx among others, Hartz develops a keen sense of the delicate balance betw

een the role of the state in both enhancing and limiting personal freedom. Hartz notably insisted on the autonomy of intellectual life and the necessity of individual choice as an essential ingredient of liberty.

海洋酸化對點帶石斑仔稚魚鈣離子運輸以及骨骼鈣化作用的影響

為了解決New Balance 327的問題，作者黃辰宏 這樣論述：

根據政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）的預測，在本世紀末，二氧化碳濃度將提升至500~900 µatm，海水的酸鹼值則下降至7.9~7.7。海洋酸化會造成海水中碳酸鈣（CaCO3）飽和濃度升高，不利碳酸鈣在海水當中產生固態沉澱，並影響貝類以及珊瑚外骨骼的形成。此外，水體酸化可能會影響硬骨魚類的離子調節與發育生長，但並不清楚水體酸化是如何影響海洋硬骨魚類鈣離子的調節恆定性。本實驗比較飼養於正常的海水（pH 8.1）及不同酸化程度的海水（pH 7.8 與 pH 7.4）中40日齡點帶石斑仔稚魚，鈣離子運輸蛋白以及骨骼鈣質代謝相關基因在發育過程中的表現量變化。整體而言，實驗發現在酸化的環境之下仔

稚魚的成長與骨骼鈣離子累積並不會受到影響。然而，根據仔稚魚的離子調節、骨骼形成與鈣離子累積等數據的主成分分析卻顯示，水體酸化會影響整體的離子調節能力發展，以及可能輕微地影響對骨骼鈣離子沉積與再吸收。但是，若是以單一因子或以線性回歸進行分析與比較，則難以界定酸化對任何一組離子調控相關基因，例如細胞基底膜的鈣離子幫浦（pmca）、上皮鈣離子通道（ecac）以及運輸能量來源的鈉鉀離子幫浦基因的直接影響。此外，與骨骼鈣質沉積相關的成骨細胞（bglap）及破骨細胞（ctsk and trap）在海水酸化得情況下也並無獨立的顯著差異。實驗雖然表明在高二氧化碳的水體中，pH下降可能造成仔稚魚離子調節、骨骼形

成與鈣離子累積等因子的相互作用，而導致整體的生理差異。本研究亦顯示，點帶石斑魚仔稚魚的生長對高度酸化條件並不敏感，但此研究不能排除未來海洋酸化對沿海海水中的水產養殖業和野生種群影響的可能性。以目前而言，在海洋酸化的情況之下，硬骨魚的離子調節與鈣離子平衡的調節機制尚不明朗，須待更多研究證明。