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Climate Variability and Ramifications on River Hydrology

為了解決Pacific Ocean的問題，作者Sahu, Netrananda 這樣論述：

This book is a detailed and timely documentation on recent climate variability phenomenon and ramifications on river hydrology; particularly Indo-Pacific climate impacts. For students and professionals it will serve as a brief explanation to land-ocean-atmosphere interactions and is an excellent int

roduction to hydrometeorological study. While it is well known that the Indo-Pacific climate largely influences large-scale phenomenon such as monsoons, it is unclear how such impacts manifest regionally, such as at a river catchment scale. The book will examine the direct impact of the Indian Ocean

Dipole (IOD), ENSO and ENSO Modoki on the regional river discharges. Dr. Netrananda Sahu is an assistant professor at the Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. Dr. Sahu has won awards including the Young Researchers Award from Kyoto University and co-authored D

yanmics of Rural Development in Delhi.

Pacific Ocean進入發燒排行的影片

台灣東北部海域廣東長吻鰩與尖棘甕鰩攝食生態研究

為了解決Pacific Ocean的問題，作者呂泰君 這樣論述：

鰩類族群豐度高且分佈範圍廣，其營養位階幾乎涵蓋海洋食物鏈的中上層，透過食性研究最能深入了解鰩類在海洋生態系中與其他物種的相互關系。本研究針對宜蘭大溪漁港拖網漁船於龜山島海域附近捕獲之廣東長吻鰩（Dipturus kwangtungensis）及尖棘甕鰩（Okamejei acutispina）進行胃內容物分析。本研究自2018年4月至2019年10月間共採集到廣東長吻鰩361尾（雄魚177尾，雌魚184尾）及尖棘甕鰩135尾（雄魚66尾，雌魚69尾）。兩種鰩之餌料生物累積曲線隨樣本數的增加呈現平緩的趨勢，代表本研究樣本數足以描述其攝食生態。研究結果顯示廣東長吻鰩主要餌料為甲殼類，餌料生物重要

性指數百分比（%RI）以無法鑑定的蝦類（unidentified shrimp）為最高（%RI = 45.34），其次為對蝦總科（Penaeoidea）（%RI = 16.56）以及細螯蝦屬（Leptochela spp.）（%RI = 13.60%）。餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，但空胃率僅於季節間有差異，雄、雌魚攝食組成高度重疊，體長組別間以小型個體與中型個體重疊度為最高，而小型個體與大型個體為最低，顯示廣東長吻鰩會隨成長改變攝食對象。尖棘甕鰩餌料重要性指數以無法鑑定的硬骨魚佔比例最高（%RI = 42.52），其次為無法鑑定的蝦（%RI = 25.06）及對蝦總科（%RI = 20

.77）；餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，空胃率於性別間及季節間皆有差異。雄、雌魚攝食為高度重疊，體長組別間以中型個體與大型個體重疊度最高，顯示尖棘甕鰩亦會隨成長改變餌料生物。兩種鰩的攝食寬度經標準化後分別為0.03及0.05，皆為專一攝食物種；但由有效餌料生物數量（H'）計算顯示其棲地餌料生物種類多且豐度極高，兩種鰩應為隨餌料生物豐度及優勢程度改變攝食特性之種類。

All the Seas of the World: The First Global Naval War, 1739-1748. Volume 1, 1739-1745

為了解決Pacific Ocean的問題，作者Parker, Albert C. E. 這樣論述：

The War of Jenkin’s Ear was fundamentally about silver. Silver was the only commodity that Asians would exchange with Europeans for their spices, tea, porcelain, and silk, but most of the world’s silver was produced in Spanish America. Anyone who wished to trade in the Far East first had to trade wi

th Spanish America. But Spain, like Britain, had a closed imperial trading system, with only limited legitimate opportunities for trade by British merchants. Attempts by Spanish authorities to prevent ’smuggling’ were highly resented in Britain, especially since Spain was regarded as a country of we

ak, incompetent cowards. When an agreement to settle the resulting disputes foundered in 1739, Great Britain declared war on Spain.The resulting conflict, named much later after an incident in which a British merchant captain had lost an ear to Spanish customs enforcers, was perforce a maritime war:

neither country was in a position to launch a military campaign on its opponent’s home territory. The war featured the first incursion by a European state navy into the Pacific Ocean to attack enemy ships and ports and the largest European amphibious expedition so far to the West Indies, resulting

in thousands of dead British soldiers and sailors at Cartagena (now in Colombia). Meanwhile, Spanish involvement in the war that had begun over Austrian territory in December 1740 led to extensive British naval operations in the Mediterranean in support of Austria. By 1744, France, unofficially at w

ar with Britain in Europe since 1741 declared war on Britain in February 1744 and sent a fleet into the English Channel to cover an invasion of England. At the same time, the French fleet based at Toulon sortied in conjunction with a Spanish squadron to attack the British Mediterranean fleet. By 174

5, British American colonists were attacking a fortified French port on Cape Breton Island (now in Nova Scotia), and the British home fleet was working hard to interdict French attempts to ship men, money, and weapons to support an uprising in Scotland.All the Seas of the World sheds new light on al

l aspects of the naval operations of the Spanish, British, and French navies in all theaters of the war which lasted from October 1739 to October 1748. Volume 1 covers naval battles and campaigns from 1739 to 1745, including notable single-ship actions as well as campaigns by fleets and squadrons, i

n the Bay of Biscay, the English Channel, Mediterranean, the West Indies, and the Pacific Ocean in detail, with full orders of battle for all engagements as well as some campaigns that ended without fighting. The study exposes errors in previous accounts based on only one side’s documents, including

convoys and fleets that never existed, overestimates and exaggerations of opposing forces and casualties, and misunderstandings of enemy plans and intentions. Use of a wide range of sources reveals naval campaigns omitted from previous literature, such as the extensive Spanish response in the Pacif

ic to the expedition commanded by George Anson, the success of the Spanish navy in carrying and escorting shipments of silver from America, and the strategically successful Spanish sea borne supply operation for their army in Italy.Volume 1 includes nearly 40 maps showing long-range fleet and squadr

on movements and the maneuvers of individual ships in fleet, squadron, and single-ships actions, many of them never previously charted. Over 100 tables list the ships assigned to fleets, stations, and squadrons or present at major battles, compare the size and strength of potential or actual opposin

g forces, list operations or movements over time, or provide detailed information about the ships taking part in notable battles.

海洋酸化對點帶石斑仔稚魚鈣離子運輸以及骨骼鈣化作用的影響

為了解決Pacific Ocean的問題，作者黃辰宏 這樣論述：

根據政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）的預測，在本世紀末，二氧化碳濃度將提升至500~900 µatm，海水的酸鹼值則下降至7.9~7.7。海洋酸化會造成海水中碳酸鈣（CaCO3）飽和濃度升高，不利碳酸鈣在海水當中產生固態沉澱，並影響貝類以及珊瑚外骨骼的形成。此外，水體酸化可能會影響硬骨魚類的離子調節與發育生長，但並不清楚水體酸化是如何影響海洋硬骨魚類鈣離子的調節恆定性。本實驗比較飼養於正常的海水（pH 8.1）及不同酸化程度的海水（pH 7.8 與 pH 7.4）中40日齡點帶石斑仔稚魚，鈣離子運輸蛋白以及骨骼鈣質代謝相關基因在發育過程中的表現量變化。整體而言，實驗發現在酸化的環境之下仔

稚魚的成長與骨骼鈣離子累積並不會受到影響。然而，根據仔稚魚的離子調節、骨骼形成與鈣離子累積等數據的主成分分析卻顯示，水體酸化會影響整體的離子調節能力發展，以及可能輕微地影響對骨骼鈣離子沉積與再吸收。但是，若是以單一因子或以線性回歸進行分析與比較，則難以界定酸化對任何一組離子調控相關基因，例如細胞基底膜的鈣離子幫浦（pmca）、上皮鈣離子通道（ecac）以及運輸能量來源的鈉鉀離子幫浦基因的直接影響。此外，與骨骼鈣質沉積相關的成骨細胞（bglap）及破骨細胞（ctsk and trap）在海水酸化得情況下也並無獨立的顯著差異。實驗雖然表明在高二氧化碳的水體中，pH下降可能造成仔稚魚離子調節、骨骼形

成與鈣離子累積等因子的相互作用，而導致整體的生理差異。本研究亦顯示，點帶石斑魚仔稚魚的生長對高度酸化條件並不敏感，但此研究不能排除未來海洋酸化對沿海海水中的水產養殖業和野生種群影響的可能性。以目前而言，在海洋酸化的情況之下，硬骨魚的離子調節與鈣離子平衡的調節機制尚不明朗，須待更多研究證明。