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美容醫學業永續經營下專案價值之研究

為了解決San fp equity的問題，作者嚴惠慈 這樣論述：

本研究旨在探討美容醫學業追求永續經營下導入Triple Bottom Line (TBL) 模型在社會、經濟、環境三構面中，從經營者角度探討各構面與整體專案價值，嘗試建構永續經營整體價值之一般化數學模型，及考量綜效價值後各構面最適權重比例，以滿足美容醫學業永續經營下專案價值最大化之目標。從社會構面中內部員工職能訓練時間投入成本專案中，探討訓練成本對醫療糾紛下嘗試導入訓練時間投入成本價值之數學模型，所產生社會構面專案價值進行評估。在經濟構面的廣告行銷專案中，探討經營者在面對不確定美容醫學業環境下廣告預算費用分配的最適投入比例及路徑，以建構廣告預算分配專案價值。此外，探討美容醫學業追求綠色成本投

資其環境構面專案價值，利用非線性收益-成本效用函數關係之風險趨避態度，建構最適決策評估模型。最後，本研究從美容醫學業永續經營綜效價值，導入外在環境在樂觀/正常/悲觀條件下，嘗試評估社會、經濟、環境構面最適權重比例，找出美容醫學業永續經營下整體最適專案價值。研究結果提供在美容醫學業永續經營下面臨外在環境不確定時，有助於該行業考量經營風險並提高美容醫學產業擁有的競爭優勢，以增進企業永續經營發展契機的可行性參考。

Assessment of malaria interventions in Malawian children

為了解決San fp equity的問題，作者Owen Nkoka 這樣論述：

BackgroundMalaria is a public health problem with the disease having adverse effects on children who are the most vulnerable population. Different interventions have been implemented to avert as well as reduce the effects of malaria on child health outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW) and infant

mortality. However, apart from inadequate and mixed findings on the effects of such interventions on child health outcomes, recent reports have raised concerns on the efficacy of interventions such as intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy using sulphodoxine-pyrimethamine (I

PTp-SP) due to the emergence of insecticide resistant parasites. Additionally, early detection and management of malaria is crucial to avoid the progression from uncomplicated to severe malaria. Thus, early treatment-seeking is critical in the overall management of malaria. Therefore, this study ass

essed the effects of household malaria interventions on child health outcomes (LBW and infant mortality), and identified factors associated with treatment-seeking behaviour for caregivers with febrile children.MethodsIn study I, using pooled datasets from the 2004, 2010, and 2015–16 Malawi Demograph

ic and Health Surveys (MDHS), a total of 18,285 births were analyzed. Generalized linear models with a log-link function and a binomial distribution were conducted to explore the association between intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy (IPTp), insecticide treated nets (ITN)

, and LBW as well as the associated effect modifiers.In study II, a Cox proportional hazard model were applied to the MDHS data to determine the association between ITN access and use and infant mortality between 2004 to 2015-2016.In study III, a two-level multilevel analysis was carried out to asse

ss the effects of individual- and community-level factors on treatment seeking behaviors among caregivers with febrile children. The 2015-16 MDHS was used for this analysis.ResultsStudy I: The overall LBW prevalence was 10.3%. LBW was lower in children whose mothers used adequate IPTp [adjusted prev

alence ratio (APR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.79–0.99] or used ITNs (APR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79–0.99) than their respective counterparts. LBW was 20.0% lower among children whose mothers adequately used both IPTp and ITN compared with those without IPTp or ITN use (APR = 0.80, 95% CI =

0.68–0.93). Iron supplement consumption and survey year were significant effect modifiers on IPTp and LBW relationship.Study II: The overall infant mortality rate for the entire period was 47.9/1000 live births. Infants from the ITN-user households exhibited a lower risk of mortality [adjusted Hazar

d Ratio (aHR)=0.61, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.44–0.85] than those from the ITN-nonuser households. Similarly, the infants from the high-access households exhibited a lower risk of death (aHR=0.63, 95% CI=0.46–0.86) than those from the no-access households. Infants from the ITN-user and high-acc

ess households exhibited a significantly lower risk of death (aHR=0.57, 95% CI=0.40–0.82) than those from the ITN-nonuser and no-access households. The relationship between ITN access and use and infant mortality was significant among female infants with a second or higher birth order and interval o

f ≥2 years.Study III: Approximately 67.3% of the caregivers reported seeking treatment for their febrile child, whereas only 46.3% reported promptly seeking treatment. Children from communities with moderate and high percentages of educated caregivers were more likely to be taken for treatment (adju

sted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.01–1.58 and aOR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.02–1.70, respectively) than those from communities with a low percentage of educated caregivers. Children from communities with moderate and high percentages of caregivers complaining about the distance to a health facility

were less likely to be taken for treatment (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58–0.96 and aOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.51–0.88, respectively). At the individual level, having a cough in the last 2 weeks, region, religion, and having better health behaviors in other health dimensions were associated with fever treatm

ent-seeking behaviors among Malawian caregivers.ConclusionsResults from study I revealed that there were evident benefits of independent and combined use of IPTp and ITN on LBW, thereby supporting the use of these interventions during pregnancy. The reduced protective effects of IPTp over time highl

ight the need for innovative MIP preventive methods.The findings of study II emphasized the importance of ITN access and use in providing optimal protection against malaria to infants in Malawi. Malaria control programs should ensure high ITN access and use in Malawi to reduce infant mortality.Progr

ams aimed at improving treatment-seeking behaviors should consider these factors and the regional variations observed in study III.Malaria interventions had protective effects on child health outcomes (i.e., birth weight and infant mortality). This study supports findings from other areas, and highl

ights the effect modifiers that affect the relationship between the interventions and child health outcomes for effective designing of malaria-related programs. Additionally, the contextual factors associated with treatment-seeking behaviors for caregivers with febrile children provide an opportunit

y for improving prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria.