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利用醯胺醇類協同作用及組合外排泵抑制劑有效對抗豬胸膜肺炎放線桿菌與敗血性巴氏桿菌

為了解決oxytetracycline豬的問題，作者汪玉祉 這樣論述：

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) not only continues to pose a threat to therapy of infectious disease but also presents a major challenge for global health concerns. To make the matter worse, new antibiotics are not being discovered at a fast enough rate to counter the development of bacterial resist

ance. In veterinary medicine, amphenicols have been extensively used as the drug of choice to treat bacteria associated with porcine respiratory disease complex, namely, Actinobacillus pleruopeumoniae and Pasteurella multocida, thereby leading to varying levels of amphenicol resistance. To re-empowe

r existing antibiotics, using a combination of two commercially available antibiotics in the same class; FF and TAP, or a combination of amphenicols with efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) as adjuvant therapy were investigated against porcine A. pleruopeumoniae and P. multocida in the current study. In

the first study, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of FF+TAP combination were evaluated. The in vitro results from the checkerboard assay and reconfirmation with time kill study in the representative isolates illustrated that the synergistic FF-TAP combination was a potential therapeutic option for

treatment of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida infection. In vivo experiments in pigs demonstrated that FF and TAP combination at a ratio correlating to their MIC deductions was equally effective to their original recommended dosage. In the second study, the effects of five EPIs including Carbon

yl Cyanide Chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), omeprazole, Phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), reserpine and verapamil, on their ability to enhance the in vitro antimicrobial activity of FF were preliminarily evaluated. The results indicated that CCCP demonstrated promising improvement of FF ac

tivity while PAβN showed some effect but at high concentrations. Both broth microdilution and time kill assay complementarily confirmed the effect of CCCP on the antimicrobial activity of FF. In addition, the beneficial effect between FF and CCCP was initially identified as through the antagonizatio

n of the FloR pump conferred by the floR gene. In the third study, the effect of CCCP on the in vitro FF and TAP antimicrobial activity by a larger number of isolates, the presence of the efflux pump gene, and the intra-bacterial concentration of FF were further investigated. The CCCP, at relatively

low concentrations, could prominently improve FF and TAP antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner, as well as increasing the intracellular concentration of FF, possibly by inhibition of the FloR efflux pump. Collectively, these findings underline the importance of FloR efflux pump in the d

evelopment of amphenicol resistance in A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida. Taken together, our studies may provide potential therapeutic options using amphenicols synergism and amphenicols in combination with EPIs against amphenicol-resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida.

廢棄蚵殼粉為pH控制劑優化畜牧廢水 厭氧處理之研究

為了解決oxytetracycline豬的問題，作者盧柏翰 這樣論述：

近年來，臺灣養殖牛隻數量呈逐年攀升的趨勢，而畜牧廢水具有高化學需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、高營養鹽、低溶氧、高懸浮固體含量等特色。而厭氧消化 (Anaerobic digestion, AD) 能處理高COD及高懸浮固體廢水並產生甲烷，達到資源循環再利用之目的。厭氧消化過程因水解酸化反應使pH值下降至5以下，會抑制甲烷生成，因此需藉由添加pH調控劑有效控制消化過程酸鹼度，維持在pH 5.5-7.5間。台灣養蚵產業盛行，每年平均產生11萬公噸的廢棄蚵殼。蚵殼成分98%以上為碳酸鈣 (CaCO3)，其餘1－2%為蛋白質及醣類，因此廢棄蚵殼可做為鹼劑添加於厭氧

消化槽內維持pH值。在本研究中透過調整不同環境因子 (溫度、緩衝劑、植種) 找出厭氧消化處理畜牧廢水之最合適條件，使用以碳酸鈣為主的蚵殼粉替代通常使用的NaHCO3與畜牧廢水共消化，保持厭氧消化器中的pH值穩定。實驗結果顯示，厭氧消化反應於高溫條件 (55℃)、添加20 g/L蚵殼粉、植種使用75 g/L牛糞、25 g/L養豬污泥時，COD去除率可達53%、甲烷產率達到83.57 mL/L/d、甲烷佔沼氣比例達到28%、反應結束時pH值也高於7。本研究結果顯示，以廢棄蚵殼作為pH調控劑，與畜牧廢水進行厭氧共消化能夠有效去除畜牧廢水中的COD並轉化為生質能，達成循環經濟資源再利用目的。