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全球新冠肺炎疫情下民主國家的例外狀態與領導權變: 以我國及美國為例

為了解決BNT stock的問題，作者米祿煊 這樣論述：

本研究旨在以2019年底爆發之全球新型冠狀肺炎為研究背景，探討民主國家在疫情危機下之行政權擴張的例外狀態。從這次全球的疫情來看民主國家的領導方式，可了解到政府為袪除病毒的威脅，在公權力的運用上會以「非民主」的例外狀態確保領導統御的有效性與及時性，並以「防疫」為必要的權變手段，但背後卻都有著可能侵害人權及隱私的疑慮。 在研究方法上，本文採取質性研究的文獻分析法及比較研究法，以時間順序建構出疫情發展的變遷及政府防疫模式的權變，並以美國及我國作為研究對象，比較疫情發生前後民主國家治理模式的變化。 最後檢證喬治•阿岡本（Giorgio Agamben）的「例外狀態」思想及「領導權變」理論對現勢疫

情治理的適用性。並期能透過研究勾勒出後疫情時代，民主國家在例外狀態之後可能的領導權變走向。

B-位置摻錳在0.925(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.075BaTiO3鐵電鬆弛陶瓷的效應

為了解決BNT stock的問題，作者Anthoniappen Jesuraj 這樣論述：

Since last two decades, researchers and engineers have discovered that the development of ceramics with improved properties would play a critical role in all aspects of energy production, storage, distribution, conservation, and efficiency. Worldwide environmental considerations have been demanding

to eliminate the use of lead-based materials in all electrical and electronic equipment. Therefore, efforts have been put into the study of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (BNT) and BNT-based solid solutions, which have properties comparable to those of lead-based ceramics. However, these lead-free solid solutions

show low temperature stability. This study focuses on the Effects of manganese doing in (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.925Ba0.075TiO3 relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. The goal is to improve the temperature stability in order to be used at elevated temperatures.(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.925Ba0.075(Ti1-xMnx)O3 (BN7.5BT-xMn) (x = 0

, 0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 mol%) ceramics were prepared by using solid-state reaction method. XAS study reveals an effective equilibrium of divalent Mn2+ and trivalent Mn3+in the samples, although manganese presents as tetravalent Mn4+ in the dopant oxide MnO2. High-resolution synchrotron XRD and TEM revea

l two phase coexistence of rhombohedral R3c and tetragonal P4bm structures in 0 and 0.2%, and an orthorhombic structure in 1 and 2% Mn- doped BN7.5BT at room temperature. Raman spectra of 0% Mn reveal structural transition from two phase coexistence to tetragonal phase near 190 oC with a softening a

nomaly, while 0.2-2% Mn-doped BN7.5BT show softening behavior near 290 oC upon heating. Raman spectra and synchrotron XRD indicate that Mn doping can enhance structural thermal stability toward higher temperature.Zero-field dielectric permittivity reveals relaxor characteristics at low temperature

region in all Mn-doped compositions. MnO2 doping in BNBT may lead to oxygen vacancies, which pin the movement of the domain walls and leads to a decrease in  and increase in tan. Polarization hysteresis in Mn-doped compositions indicates increased coercive field and short-range disorder. The incr

eased coercive field is due to pinning of polar nanoregions by oxygen vacancies. Temperature dependence of the P(E) hysteresis shows increased saturation polarization (Psat). A discontinuous change in the remanent polarization as the temperature can be attributed to the breakdown of the induced ferr

oelectric phase.Mn-doped compositions show lower piezoelectric constant compare to undoped BN7.5BT. This is due to the hard character and existence of point defects, which restricts polar nanoregion switching under the dc poling process. Depolarization temperature Td, shows highest (~152 oC) in 0.2%

Mn. At Td, ferroelectric domains break into PNRs and the field-induced ferroelectric state returns to relaxor state above Td.