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Property Damage

為了解決Defective product的問題，作者2 Temple Gardens 這樣論述：

Over the last few years there has been an emerging specialism for property damage. Property damage frequently leads to losses other than the cost of repairing the damage, giving rise to disputes about the extent to which those losses can be recovered from insurers. Insurance companies have increased

the number of claims they defend in court and these cases have become progressively more technical, hence the number of cases now heard by the TCC (Technology and Construction Court). These cases range from multi-national construction and utility projects to domestic property matters such as floods

, fires, explosions and subsidence. Practitioners are advising across the spectrum of clients from the largest insured loss arising from the London Riots in 2011, to losses for owner managed companies where making a recovery from insurers was essential to the survival of their business.The claims co

mmonly raise insurance questions, frequently in the construction or product liability context, and they often involve claims against construction and other professionals. Practitioners need expertise across fields of insurance, construction, product liability and professional liability. Property dam

age claims typically require the involvement of expert witnesses in relation to liability such as forensic scientists, as well as experts on the standards to be expected of professionals and contractors. The claims also usually require the involvement of experts to deal with quantum (forensic accoun

tants to assess financial losses, quantity surveyors and valuers to assess the cause and extent of property damage losses). 2 TG on Property Damage is a comprehensive practitioners' text covering the full spectrum of issues and case law such as: - Goodlife Foods Ltd v Hall Fire Protection Ltd 2017]

EWHC 767 (TCC)- Wheeldon Brothers Waste Ltd v Millennium Insurance Co Ltd 2017] EWHC 218 TCC- Great Lakes Reinsurance (UK) SE v Western Trading Limited 2016] EWCA 1003- WH Newson Holding Limited v IMI Plc & Delta Limited 2016] EWCA Civ 773 2 Temple Gardens are highly respected for property dam

age work, and as well as handling major cases, also offer regular training seminars to solicitors and insurance industry professionals. The set is instructed in a broad range of property damage work handling everything from major fire and flood cases to challenging construction disputes and matters

concerning damage arising from defective products.

Defective product進入發燒排行的影片

生成對抗網路應用於AOI樣本數擴增

為了解決Defective product的問題，作者蔡棠介 這樣論述：

AOI(Automated Optical Inspection)自動光學檢測於台灣製造業中，為應用廣泛之一，因社會勞動力老年化及人口的趨減，加上人會因為疲勞而降低專注力，故製造業逐漸導入AOI光學檢測設備來取代傳統目檢人力，在應用於工廠內之產品瑕疵檢測時，常發生正確率不高／漏檢之問題，主要原因是以訓練樣品數不足為主，因瑕疵品在產品生產初期所發生之數量及類別不多，若出現不同的瑕疵內容，機器未先學習過，就會造成AOI漏檢。因此本研究主要利用GAN(Generative Adversarial Nets)中文譯為生成對抗網路來生成樣本，來彌補AOI開發初期樣本數不足的問題， 利用兩種生成對抗網路

模型Cycle GAN與Bicycle GAN在兩種不同情境的情況下，生成樣本來擴增AOI樣本資料庫，研究的架構中應用YoloV4(You Only Look Once V4)來當替代AOI系統，在資料集分配上，模擬剛開發初期只有少量的樣本時需讓AOI有基本的檢測能力，故只抽取少量的訓練資料來生成，其餘的當作測試集來驗證生成的樣本是否有效。有別於其他研究應用，本文利用VAE(Variational autoencoders)及GAN結合的生成對抗網路，控制特徵潛在空間向量來生成多樣性的AOI樣本，實驗結果說明利用生成對抗網路生成瑕疵樣本，相較於擴增前兩者準確率差異準確率可達12%，在實驗過程中

生成出多樣性的AOI樣本已與原先輸入的圖像截然不同，故也可應用於生成不同的瑕疵樣本來測試AOI系統的檢驗可靠度。

Product Liability

為了解決Defective product的問題，作者Fairgrieve, Duncan/ Goldberg, Richard S. 這樣論述：

Product Liability is a recognized authority in the field and covers the product liability laws through which manufacturers, retailers, and others may be held liable to compensate persons who are injured, or who incur financial loss, when the products which they manufacture or sell are defective or n

ot fit for their purpose. Product defects may originate in the production process, be one of design, or be grounded in a failure to issue an adequate warning or directions for safe use and practitioners advising business clients or claimants will find this book provides all the necessary information

for practitioners to manage a product liability claim.This new edition has been fully updated to take account of 10 years of development in case law and regulation, and the increasing impact of cross-border and transnational sale of goods. The Court of Justice of the European Union handed down majo

r rulings concerning the Product Liability Directive which affect the application of the Directive and national arrangements and Fairgrieve and Goldberg examines this in detail. For any legal practitioner operating in areas which require knowledge of European product liability law, an understanding

of the impact of recent developments is essential and this work is an essential resource for practitioners working on product liability, sale of goods, personal injury and negligence. The work provides comprehensive coverage of the law of negligence as it applies to product liability, of the strict

liability provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, and of the EU's Product Liability Directive on which the Act is based. Although the majority of cases involve pharmaceuticals and medical devices, in recent English cases the allegedly defective products have been as diverse as a child's bugg

y, an All Terrain Vehicle, and even a coffee cup. Many cases are brought as group actions, and the book examines the rights of those who are injured by defective products. As well as considering the perspective of the law as it has developed in the UK, this edition contains detailed discussion of ca

se law from other jurisdictions including the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Germany. The coverage in the work is complemented by a full analysis of issues which arise in transnational litigation involving problems of jurisdiction and the choice of laws. Professor Duncan Fairgriev

e is Senior Fellow in Comparative Law at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London, and Professor of Comparative Law at Universit� Paris Dauphine PSL. He is also a barrister practising from 1 Crown Office Row, London. Richard S Goldberg is Chair in Law at Durham University P

rofessor Richard S Goldberg, Chair in Law, Durham Law School, Durham University, Solicitor

擬有序中孔高熵及有序中孔擬高熵 材料之開發

為了解決Defective product的問題，作者陳鵬仁 這樣論述：

高熵材料因其性質多元而在材料應用中具有極大的潛力，截至目前為止，尚未發現有文獻製備有序中孔高熵氧化物，本研究致力於開發有序中孔高熵氧化物之製程，分別透過軟模板法與硬模板法合成高熵中孔氧化物。其中，軟模板法源自SBA-15之製程，並探討氧化矽源、鹽酸、鹼之種類及其滴定方法對產物的影響；硬模板法則以CMK-3為模板合成有序中孔高熵氧化物，並探討前驅物/硬模板比例、前驅物/氨水比例、溶劑種類、鹼的種類、不同手法(尿素內調法、氨水氣化法、氫氧化鈉潮解法、尿素水解氣化法)進行之中和反應、模板表面改質，以及鍛燒溫度對孔洞結構的影響。在廣泛地嘗試各種極端條件後，雖然仍無法合成理想的有序孔洞高熵氧化物，原因

可能是由於高熵氧化物本身以及中孔材料之骨架本身皆具備大量的晶格應變，導致其結構容易崩塌。具體來講，本研究以軟模板法成功合成具有高比表面積的有序中孔擬高熵氧化物(比表面積：369 m2/g；平均孔徑：7.7 nm)；而透過硬模板法中也成功合成了擬有序中孔高熵氧化物(比表面積：90 m2/g；平均孔徑：~10.0 nm)。在光催化還原CO2的應用中發現96小時候可以達到687.07μmol∙CO/g以及88.65μmol∙CH4/g； 水解製氫24小時可達2.16 % g-cat-1。