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Mechanisms Relating Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Bacteria Degrading Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole by Bacillus Strains

為了解決Labd stock的問題，作者Wenny Ambarsari 這樣論述：

ABSTRACTPharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) represent emerging organic contaminants and pollutants that include among others antibiotics, anti-epileptic drugs, hormones, antifungal agents, and analgesics. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) are two essential sulfonamide antibiotics

showing enhanced persistence that are commonly used in human health, animal husbandry, livestock and aquaculture throughout the world. More recently, researchers have shown interest in how both SMX and TMP antibiotics are efficiently biodegraded, which has rarely been studied previously. These anti

biotics, which have a high accumulation potential in many species, cause gene mutations and chronic effects. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP) inhibited the development of THF precursor dihydropteroate and TMP inhibited THF production from DHF conversion in the tetrahydrofolate (THF) biosynthetic

pathway. This study investigates the association between resistant bacteria, biodegradation rate and metabolic pathways by the preadapted bacterial strains W1-WC48, W2-CC72, and W3-YF48. Bacterial cells using TMP-SMX as its sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from Yunlin county (23.54702,

120.15452) and adapted for one month adapted at room temperature (25-27 °C). The following strains were identified as Bacillus licheniformis strain CLM4-1, Bacillus infantis strain NRRL B-14911, and Lysinibacillus sp. YS11 by physical-biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis

. We have checked the synergistic activity of anti-folate combination-breakpoints against our bacterial strains that were determined by calculating FICI (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index). The relationship of mechanisms of TMP-SMX inhibiting these bacteria, its degradation rate, and its mec

hanisms are clear and clarified in this research.

探討租稅優惠對高科技產業之影響

為了解決Labd stock的問題，作者彭智菁 這樣論述：

我國政府多採用租稅獎勵方式作為刺激與誘導經濟之政策工具，回顧台灣各時期經濟發展，都有新興之重點扶植產業與其配合之租稅獎勵政策，以我國租稅優惠措施從1960年代開始實施「獎勵投資條例」至「促進產業升級條例」，至今已歷經五十年，高科技產業在歷年享受著較多租稅優惠，目前接續實施「產業創新條例」之優惠獎勵措施對高科技產業發展有何影響？本研究以高科技產業作為研究對象，該產業重視研究發展及研發人員之團隊研發精神，且產品本身具有世界性及變化性，例如半導體業、光電業、通信網路業及生技醫療業等皆可稱為高科技產業。租稅優惠有矯正市場失靈及實現其外部效應，並進而帶來經濟發展、科技進步及改善環境等利益。本文將針對政

府運用租稅優惠對高科技產業之發展影響進行討論，並透過個案分析，探討我國歷年來租稅優惠獎勵措施對高科技產業發展之影響？租稅優惠政策是否有延續之必要。本研究實證結果發現租稅獎勵對高科技產業之有效稅率有顯著正向之影響力。租稅優惠獎勵有促使高科技產業增加研發投資之正向效果，並對於專業人才之培訓、產業國際競爭力之提升甚至企業社會責任之誘發也有顯著成效，惟過度依賴政府租稅優惠或補貼，終究對企業永續發展將造成不利。